Drug prevention. Nature and Scopesp. Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome - a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use. Typically these include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state. South Asia is situated in the neighbourhood of one of the major opium- cultivating regions in the world. According to the latest UNODC survey, Afghanistan is the world's largest illicit opium- producing country, accounting for more than 9. This has increased the availability and use of illicitly produced opiates in South Asia. Many inject drugs which add to the problem as blood transfer through the sharing of drug taking equipment, particularly infected needles, is an extremely effective way of transmitting HIV to the general population. According to the World Drug Report 2. South Asia. According to the injecting drug use (IDU) task force, in 2. IDUs) and the estimated number of people who inject drugs and who are HIV positive were 7. People who inject drugs often have multiple risks such as sex work and drug use, and according to existing legislation in some countries, they often face incarceration for possession of drugs, which increases their risk of contracting or transmitting HIV. In general, drug use continues to be stigmatized both within the community and among health care workers, further marginalizing people with drug dependence problems. This means that HIV interventions may not be available to them, or that they are unable or unwilling to access services for fear of discrimination. UNODC's response to drug use in South Asiasp. UNODC in collaboration with UNAIDS and WHO encourages an approach based on promoting, protecting and respecting human rights of drug users, ensuring that the environment in which these measures are offered must be supportive. This means training of health providers and law enforcement personnel to be able to work with IDUs without coercive measures and creating a safe environment for them to seek information and referrals for care and support. In response to this problem, UNODC with the Governments and non governmental organizations (NGOs) in the region supports policies which can significantly reduce the public health problems attributable to substance use, implements interventions at the health care system level and works towards the restoration of the health of affected individuals. Since 1. 99. 8, UNODC has worked to develop comprehensive demand reduction strategies by promoting evidence- based, locally appropriate treatment and rehabilitation opportunities. The four priority areas of UNODC's work on drug treatment and rehabilitation include. It also supported the BNCA in its first ever. National Baseline Assessment of drugs and controlled substance use in Bhutan (2. With the available data, the Bhutanese Government is reinforcing actions in the area of drug use prevention and drug treatment. Also, the new BNCA website was launched along with the inauguration of the first drop- in- center in Bumthang, located in the center of Bhutan. UNODC with the Government of India supported the project on . National Drug Control Strategy. Preventing drug use before it begins is a cost-effective. Under this initiative it launched a community based prevention activity across 1. States and Union Territories of India. A comprehensive report on. Beliefs and practices on substance use- A perspective from different states in India' was prepared. Similarly, with the same ministry, UNODC conducted a study on the 'Extent, Patterns and Trends of Drug Abuse in India'. As a follow up, a write up on. Empowering school children and the teacher community to say, 'I Decide- I will not take drugs', was prepared, that revealed interesting facts and trends on drug use among the youth in India. UNODC with the Government of Nepal implements the comprehensive package of services for drug users and HIV positive drug users. As part of these services, it supports organisations that provide clean syringes, methadone maintenance treatment and oral substitution treatment. It is also part of the injecting drug users' network in Nepal. In Sri Lanka UNODC collaborates with the National Dangerous Drugs Control Board (NDDCB) and provides technical assistance on HIV prevention and care among drug users and among vulnerable groups in prisons. UNODC's work on drug treatment and rehabilitation is guided by the following: 1. Raise the awareness of policy makers with respect to the need and advantages of investing in drug abuse treatment. Support national authorities in developing legislation, policies, and standards of care which enable the implementation of contemporary treatment approaches. Strengthen the capacity of staff and care providers of treatment and rehabilitation centres. Preventing drug abuse is one of the best. Prevention programs are not vaccinations that. SUBSTANCE ABUSE ISSUES AND PUBLIC POLICY IN. CANADA’S DRUG STRATEGY. The Government of Canada. Treatment and rehabilitation programs typically offer. The Australian Government’s National Drugs Campaign aims to help young people and parents understand the harmful effects and consequences of drug. Drug-dependent person. Prevention and control of drug trafficking. The Department of Narcotics control is the nodal. Diversify and expand services for drug users and make them more accessible to different population groups, taking into account different gender needs. Facilitate sharing of best practices and dissemination of knowledge. Upscale drug treatment and rehabilitation services available. Federal Government to control and treat drug abuse. Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. A list of drug and alcohol programs and services coordinated by MHDAO. Awareness and prevention. Immunisation programs. Drug and Alcohol Programs and Services. Dangerous Drugs Board. HIV transmission through injecting drug use is best prevented by providing a comprehensive package of services in outreach to injecting drug users and their partners. UNAIDS, UNODC and WHO recommend a comprehensive set of measures for people who use drugs that includes the following. The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction: The Basics. What is drug addiction? Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain; they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long lasting and can lead to many harmful, often self- destructive, behaviors. However, “addiction” is not considered a specific diagnosis in the fifth edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- 5)—a diagnostic manual used by clinicians that contains descriptions and symptoms of all mental disorders classified by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 2. 01. 3, APA updated the DSM, replacing the categories of substance abuse and substance dependence with a single category: substance use disorder. The symptoms associated with a substance use disorder fall into four major groupings: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria (i. The new DSM describes a problematic pattern of use of an intoxicating substance leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 1. The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. It becomes drug abuse when people use illegal drugs or use legal drugs inappropriately. This includes the repeated use of drugs to produce pleasure, alleviate stress, and/or alter or avoid reality. It also includes using prescription drugs in ways other than prescribed or using someone else’s prescription. Addiction occurs when a person cannot control the impulse to use drugs even when there are negative consequences—the defining characteristic of addiction. These behavioral changes are also accompanied by changes in brain functioning, especially in the brain’s natural inhibition and reward centers. NIDA’s use of the term addiction corresponds roughly to the DSM definition of substance use disorder. The DSM does not use the term addiction. It occurs because the body naturally adapts to regular exposure to a substance (e. When that substance is taken away, symptoms can emerge while the body re- adjusts to the loss of the substance. Physical dependence can lead to craving the drug to relieve the withdrawal symptoms. Drug dependence and addiction refer to substance use disorders, which may include physical dependence but must also meet additional criteria. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure. The overstimulation of this system, which rewards our natural behaviors, produces the euphoric effects sought by people who use drugs and teaches them to repeat the behavior. However, when addiction takes over, a person’s ability to exert self- control can become seriously impaired. Brain- imaging studies from people addicted to drugs show physical changes in areas of the brain that are critical for judgment, decisionmaking, learning, memory, and behavior control. Scientists believe that these changes alter the way the brain works and may help explain the compulsive and destructive behaviors of an addicted person. Addiction is a treatable, chronic disease that can be managed successfully. Research shows that combining behavioral therapy with medications, where available, is the best way to ensure success for most patients. Treatment approaches must be tailored to address each patient’s drug use patterns and drug- related medical, psychiatric, and social problems. The chronic nature of addiction means that relapsing to drug use is not only possible but also likely. Relapse rates are similar to those for other well- characterized chronic medical illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma, which also have both physiological and behavioral components. Treatment of chronic diseases involves changing deeply imbedded behaviors. For the addicted patient, lapses back to drug use indicate that treatment needs to be reinstated or adjusted, or that alternate treatment is needed. More than 2. 2,0. Comparison of Relapse Rates Between Drug Addiction and Other Chronic Illnesses. Relapse rates for drug- addicted patients are compared with those suffering from diabetes, hypertension, and asthma. Relapse is common and similar across these illnesses (as is adherence to medication). Thus, drug addiction should be treated like any other chronic illness, with relapse serving as a trigger for renewed intervention. Source: Mc. Lellan et al., JAMA, 2. National Drug Intelligence Center. The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, 2. Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol- use disorders. Lancet 3. 73(9. 68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs — 2. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol- Related Disease Impact (ARDI). Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—5. Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription Drug Overdose in the United States: Fact Sheet. Available at: www. Last accessed: September 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription Painkiller Overdoses in the US. Available at: www. Painkiller. Overdoses/index. Last accessed: September 1.
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